What Are Macbeth's Arguments To Himself Against Killing Duncan

Macbeth's Internal Struggle: Arguments Against Regicide

Shakespeare's Macbeth masterfully portrays the descent of a valiant soldier into tyrannical ambition. Central to this tragic arc is Macbeth's agonizing internal debate before committing regicide. While the witches' prophecy fuels his ambition, it's the powerful arguments against killing Duncan that initially hold him back, showcasing his moral compass, however fragile. This essay will delve deep into these internal arguments, analyzing the multifaceted reasons why Macbeth hesitates, even as his ambition burns.

The Bonds of Loyalty and Hospitality

Macbeth's initial arguments against killing Duncan are rooted in deeply ingrained societal and personal values. He is Duncan's subject, his general, and, most importantly, his host. The act of regicide would be a profound betrayal on multiple levels.

Violation of Hospitality:

The concept of hospitality was paramount in Shakespearean times. To betray a guest's trust, especially within the sanctuary of one's home, was considered a sacrilegious act, inviting divine retribution. Macbeth acutely recognizes this, grappling with the inherent wickedness of murdering someone who has shown him such generosity and trust. His internal monologue reveals the weight of this betrayal: "To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done: The castle of Macbeth shall be a hell-gate hence." This line signifies a transition – a hellish act to transform his inner turmoil into action.

Fealty to the King:

Macbeth's loyalty to Duncan, forged in years of military service, also plays a crucial role. He understands the sacred oath of allegiance sworn to the crown. To murder Duncan would not only be a personal betrayal but a shattering of the social order he himself upholds. He questions the very foundation of his being, “This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill, cannot be good: If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success commencing in a truth?” This reveals his conflict; if the witches were wrong, how could he still follow his ambitions, and if they were right, why commit such a heinous act?

The Potential for Chaos and Retribution:

Beyond personal morality, Macbeth recognizes the potential chaos that regicide would unleash. The kingdom might descend into civil war, jeopardizing the stability and security he values. This fear of repercussions, not just from earthly powers but also from the heavens, provides another layer to his internal debate. He understands the gravity of his actions and how they will ripple through society. This fear is not merely selfish; it stems from a recognition of the fragile nature of power and order.

The Weight of Conscience and Morality

Macbeth's conscience, though ultimately overridden by ambition, initially acts as a powerful deterrent. He is not inherently evil; he is a man torn between desire and duty, ambition and morality.

The Inner Conflict of Good and Evil:

The play vividly portrays Macbeth's internal struggle as a battle between good and evil. He wrestles with the implications of his actions, constantly questioning the morality of his ambitions. He is not simply a ruthless villain but a complex character grappling with his own moral compass. Lady Macbeth later reveals the extent of this conflict in her frustration, "When you durst do it, then you were a man." This shows his initial hesitancy to act, which she interprets as weakness.

The Fear of Damnation:

The play subtly hints at the religious beliefs of the time, implicitly linking regicide with divine punishment. Macbeth's fear of eternal damnation is a significant factor in his hesitation. This inner voice of conscience is not easily ignored, constantly reminding him of the potential consequences of his actions. This internal conflict is what makes Macbeth such a compelling character. He is not simply driven by ambition, but he is also held back by his own moral limitations, at least initially.

The Image of Duncan:

Shakespeare subtly uses Duncan's character to strengthen Macbeth's internal resistance. Duncan is portrayed as a just and benevolent king, further amplifying the moral transgression of regicide. The contrast between Duncan's virtuous nature and Macbeth's contemplated act intensifies the moral weight of his decision. His internal struggle is not merely against ambition but against betraying a king who has shown him favor.

The Power of Reason and Foresight

Beyond moral and emotional considerations, Macbeth also employs reason and foresight in his arguments against regicide.

The Uncertainties of Success:

Macbeth understands that even if he successfully kills Duncan, his ascension to the throne is not guaranteed. He anticipates potential opposition, rebellions, and the challenges of maintaining power. This highlights the element of his pragmatism. Even if he does manage to take the crown, is it certain that his new reign will be successful? The sheer possibility of failure makes him question the act.

The Potential for Revenge and Instability:

The murder of Duncan could unleash a wave of revenge and instability within the kingdom. Macbeth’s own family could be caught in the crossfire. The potential repercussions are vast and extend far beyond his personal gain. He worries about the lasting damage his actions could cause on a national scale.

The Cost of Ambition:

Macbeth's contemplation involves a cost-benefit analysis, albeit a deeply flawed one. He weighs the potential rewards of power against the risks, the moral cost, and the potential for lasting damage to himself and the kingdom. The initial hesitation demonstrates a level of self-preservation, a recognition that the path to ambition might be fraught with peril.

The Influence of External Forces: Banquo's Presence

Even external factors contribute to Macbeth's initial reluctance. The presence of Banquo, another recipient of the witches' prophecy, is a significant influence.

Banquo's Loyalty and Wisdom:

Banquo represents a counterpoint to Macbeth's ambition. His loyalty to Duncan remains steadfast, even in the face of temptation. Banquo's wisdom and caution act as a brake on Macbeth's reckless plunge into regicide. Banquo's presence reminds Macbeth of the potential repercussions of his actions, and the possibility of betrayal.

The Threat of Discovery and Betrayal:

With Banquo witnessing the witches' prophecy, Macbeth realizes the potential for betrayal and exposure. Killing Duncan while Banquo is present would increase the risk of discovery and retribution. Banquo’s shrewdness is a constant reminder to Macbeth that the witches’ prophecies might not translate into easy success.

Conclusion: The Crumbling of Restraint

Ultimately, Macbeth's arguments against killing Duncan are overwhelmed by his ambition and the manipulative influence of Lady Macbeth. However, the depth and intensity of his initial hesitations highlight the complexity of his character and the inherent moral conflict at the heart of the play. These arguments, though ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the regicide, serve to underscore the tragic consequences of unchecked ambition and the devastating toll it takes on the human conscience. The initial reluctance is what makes Macbeth's fall so profound, reminding us that even the strongest wills can be broken under the pressure of ambition and temptation. The depth of his internal struggle sets the stage for the tragedy that unfolds, solidifying Macbeth's place as one of literature's most compelling and complex characters.