Which 17th-century Value Is Most Clearly Shown In Robinson Crusoe

Which 17th-Century Value is Most Clearly Shown in Robinson Crusoe?

Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, is more than just an adventure story; it's a microcosm of 17th-century English society and values. While the novel showcases several aspects of the era, arguably the most prominently displayed value is self-reliance, intertwined with religious piety and a strong belief in Providence. This essay will explore how Defoe utilizes Crusoe's experiences to highlight the paramount importance of self-reliance in a world perceived as both dangerous and divinely ordained.

The Triumph of Individualism: Self-Reliance as the Cornerstone

The 17th century witnessed a shift towards individualism, fueled by the burgeoning mercantile class and the Reformation's emphasis on personal faith. Robinson Crusoe perfectly encapsulates this ethos. Crusoe's entire survival hinges on his capacity for self-reliance. Stranded on a deserted island, devoid of societal support, he's forced to confront his limitations and develop skills he never knew he possessed. This isn't simply about physical survival; it's about the triumph of the human spirit in the face of overwhelming adversity.

From Dependence to Independence: A Gradual Transformation

Initially, Crusoe's actions reflect a degree of dependence on external forces. His rebellious act of defying his father's wishes and embarking on a seafaring life reveals a degree of youthful impulsiveness and a lack of self-awareness. His early experiences on the island are characterized by panic, despair, and a desperate yearning for rescue. However, this initial dependence gradually gives way to a remarkable self-sufficiency.

Mastering the Island: A Testament to Human Ingenuity

Crusoe's transformation is meticulously documented. He meticulously builds a shelter, learns to cultivate food, fashions tools from rudimentary materials, and even domesticates animals. These are not mere feats of survival; they are demonstrations of human ingenuity and resilience, showcasing the power of the individual to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Each successful undertaking reinforces his self-reliance, building his confidence and resolve. The meticulous detailing of his daily tasks, from constructing his fence to developing farming techniques, emphasizes the sheer effort and determination required to thrive in isolation. This meticulous documentation is not just narrative embellishment; it serves to highlight the value of hard work and perseverance, pivotal components of the self-reliant ethos.

The Creation of "Society": A Reflection of Inner Strength

Interestingly, even in his solitude, Crusoe isn't entirely alone. He creates a "society" of sorts, populated by his animal companions, his cultivated crops, and his carefully constructed dwelling. This reflects the capacity of the self-reliant individual to create meaning and order even in the most chaotic circumstances. His relationship with Friday, his rescued companion, is not one of master and servant, but a partnership built on mutual respect and reliance, further solidifying the idea that self-reliance doesn't preclude collaboration or empathy. Crusoe's success isn't solely measured by his material accomplishments; it's also defined by his ability to create a meaningful existence in the absence of conventional societal structures.

The Hand of God: Providence and the Justification of Self-Reliance

While Crusoe's self-reliance is central, it's inextricably linked to his religious faith. The 17th century was profoundly religious, and Defoe's portrayal of Crusoe reflects this. Crusoe's belief in Providence—the intervention of God in human affairs—is a constant undercurrent in the narrative. He attributes his survival to divine intervention, viewing his trials as tests of faith and opportunities for spiritual growth.

Gratitude and Reflection: The Spiritual Journey

Crusoe's numerous near-death experiences and moments of despair are not merely physical ordeals; they are spiritual trials that lead him to introspection and repentance. His religious reflections are interspersed throughout the narrative, highlighting the importance of faith as a source of strength and perseverance. His journal entries serve as a record of his spiritual journey, showcasing the intertwining of his physical and spiritual survival. The act of keeping a detailed journal itself can be seen as a form of self-discipline and self-reflection, reflecting the self-reliant nature of his spiritual practice.

Providence as a Guiding Force: Shaping Crusoe's Destiny

This belief in Providence doesn't negate Crusoe's self-reliance; rather, it complements and justifies it. He sees his survival not merely as a result of his own efforts, but as a sign of God's favor and a validation of his actions. This interpretation reinforces the societal value of hard work and perseverance, intertwined with a belief in a divinely ordained purpose. The hardships Crusoe endures are viewed not simply as unfortunate events, but as opportunities for spiritual growth and a strengthening of his faith. This interpretation reinforces the idea that individual effort is divinely sanctioned and rewarded.

The Role of Religious Reflection in Survival

The integration of religious contemplation within the narrative isn't merely a superficial addition; it's deeply intertwined with Crusoe's emotional and psychological resilience. His prayers and reflections provide him with solace, strength, and a sense of purpose amidst his isolation. These spiritual practices are depicted as integral components of his survival strategy, demonstrating how his faith sustains and reinforces his self-reliance. This reflects the deeply held belief of the time that spiritual strength and self-reliance are intertwined, complementing and bolstering one another.

Beyond Survival: The Colonial Underpinnings

The narrative of Robinson Crusoe is also intertwined with the burgeoning colonial ambitions of 17th-century England. Crusoe's self-reliance is not merely an individual achievement; it's also presented as a model for colonial expansion. His ability to subdue the island, cultivate its resources, and eventually establish a form of dominion over it, mirrors the colonial project of conquering and exploiting new territories.

Subduing the "Wilderness": A Colonial Metaphor

The island itself becomes a symbolic representation of the untamed wilderness that England sought to conquer and control. Crusoe's subjugation of the island's natural resources and his eventual enslavement of Friday reflect the colonial mindset that viewed the colonization of new lands as a natural and justifiable endeavor. This aspect of the novel, though problematic in modern contexts, reveals the complex interplay between individual self-reliance and the broader colonial ambitions of the era.

Friday's Role: A Reflection of Colonial Power Dynamics

The portrayal of Friday, a native inhabitant of the island, is fraught with complexities. While Crusoe presents himself as a savior and benefactor to Friday, their relationship is undeniably rooted in colonial power dynamics. Friday's subservience highlights the problematic aspects of the colonial enterprise and the unequal power dynamics inherent in such ventures. While Crusoe’s self-reliance is lauded, the means by which he achieves it, particularly in relation to Friday, reveals a darker side of the prevalent societal values.

Conclusion: A Legacy of Self-Reliance

In conclusion, while Robinson Crusoe showcases several 17th-century values—religious piety, colonialism, and the burgeoning spirit of exploration—the most clearly demonstrated and arguably most influential value is self-reliance. Defoe masterfully illustrates how Crusoe's capacity for self-sufficiency, fueled by religious faith and a belief in Providence, allows him to not only survive but also to thrive in an extreme and isolating environment. This resonates with the burgeoning individualism and entrepreneurial spirit of the 17th century, shaping the narrative and leaving a lasting legacy on interpretations of individual strength, societal values, and the human capacity for resilience. However, the novel's exploration of self-reliance is not without its complexities, intertwined as it is with the problematic aspects of colonialism and the era's deeply ingrained religious beliefs. This nuanced portrayal makes Robinson Crusoe a rich and enduring text, continually provoking discussion and re-evaluation of its core themes.